Constructive Critique on Public Speaking Essay

Dr. Pausch lost his battle with cancer, but his legacy lives on through his achievements and in the countless number of students who were fortunate to learn from such an extraordinary individual. Dr. Randy Pausch was a widely respected professor from the University of Carnegie Mellon. He co-founded the entertainment technology center in 1999 and he spearheaded the creation of the Alice Project, a program that aids in the learning of computer science academics. Dr. Pausch has received numerous accolades from his work and dedication to his students. He has appeared on many television shows like Good Morning America and the Oprah show. To this day people are still recounting the lessons learned from Dr. Pausch. In a recent video interview highlighted on the Oprah’s website, one lady stated what she thought was so meaningful to her about Dr. Pausch and his lectures as his amazing outlook on life and his appreciation for every aspect of his life. These qualities are witness in his 2008 lecture nicknamed the Last Lecture. Throughout the lecture Dr. Pausch showcased his ability to reach out to his audience. He and captured their imagination with his humor and enthusiasm despite begin diagnosed with cancer six months earlier. Because of the importance and popularity of this inspiring lecture I will provide a critique of Dr. Pausch ability to deliver his massage to his audience and analyze his public speaking mechanics. More specifically I will look at the way he keeps the audience engaged and what are the areas he could improve. Strengths noted: From the moment the lecture began I was hooked. Dr. Pausch did not waste any time keeping the audience engaged and keeping them marveling at the foundations of his strength despite his diagnosis. After the standing applause, Dr. Pausch told his listeners to â€Å"make me earn†. This mindset shows that he cares about the message that he was about to give and the message that the audience was about to receive. He also started his lecture with this question which I though was the glue to the seats. His question was fundamental in keeping them engaged and thinking. â€Å"If you had one last lecture to give to the world before you died what would it be?† From this point on, If this was Dr. Pausch last lecture I wanted the hear it. Thereafter, He gave a back story in the lecture which to thought was helpful to the audience member that did not know his circumstances. One of the tactic in his lecture that I though was the most important is he told the audience what he was not going to talked about. This eliminated all guessing and left no room for disappointment. I thought that I was public speaking brilliances. Pausch visual media kept the focus of the lecture and was very easy to follow and understand. It was clear, concise and to the point. He also has props. He voice was evenly tone and he spoke as if he was just engaging in a normal conversation. Additionally Dr. Pausch humor seemed to be naturel; he kept his audience laughing throughout the lecture which I think helped them to stay uninterested. Last but not less, I love that the lecture was not just a lecture to the audience but a lecture to his children. Knowing that he passed away made that lecture much more intimate and could be used as a blueprint for all parents to help their children achieve their dreams. Areas to improve: Connecting to the audience is definitely Dr. Pausch strong suit but sometimes he did get off topic a little bit. Because he is such a dynamic person I understand that it can be easy to get caught telling your person story rather than sticking to the topic. I noticed Dr. Pausch did get off topic a few times and told a few side bar stories but not too much that would have downgraded the lectures quality. Conclusion: I my introduction I highlight the accomplishment of DR. Pausch; the inspirational professor from Carnegie Mellon University. I was instructed to write a critique about his â€Å"last lecture;† that focused on the strength and the areas of improvement. In the strengths the most important aspect about the lecture is that Dr. Pausch keeps the audience entirely engaged throughout. Dr Pausch spoke for 72 min with the complete attention of his audience. In the strengths of my critique I was able to show this by highlighting the various tactics that were used. For example the question he asked in the beginning of the lecture was one tactic and his great sense of humor was another. Areas of improve were hard to find but the only time I found any in the lecture was when Dr. Pausch gets off topic a few times; other than that the lecture was flawless. Unfortunately we lost Dr. Pausch too soon but his lesson will live forever. Everyone can learn something from his willingness live life to the fullest no matter what god has in store for you. The one quote that stands out to me in the lecture is â€Å"you can’t change the cards we are dealt just how we play the hand† Bibliography @font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xFIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xMIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xEIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xLIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-03 FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xHIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xGIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-024F,U+0259,U+1E00-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xIIzI.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src: local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc3CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc-CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc2CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc5CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-03F F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc1CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc0CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-024F,U+0259,U+1E00-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc6CsQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}@font-face{font-fami ly:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu72xKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu5mxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7mxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4WxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-03FF;}@font-face{font-fam ily:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7WxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7GxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-024F,U+0259,U+1E00-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxK.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),loc al('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fCRc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fABc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fCBc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fBxc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-03FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Med ium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fCxc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fChc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-024F,U+0259,U+1E00-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fBBc4.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}if (document.fonts && document.fonts.load) {document.fonts.load("400 10pt Roboto", "");document.fonts.load("500 10pt Roboto", "");} html {overflow: hidden;}body {font: 12px Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: #000;color: #fff;height: 100%;width: 100%;overflow: hidden;position: absolute;margin: 0;padding: 0;}#player {width: 100%;height: 100%;}h1 {text-align: center;color: #fff;}.hid {display: none;}h3 {margin-top: 6px;margin-bottom: 3px;}.player-unavailable {position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;right: 0;bottom: 0;padding: 25px;font-size: 13px;background: url(/img/meh7.png) 50% 65% no-repeat;}.player-unavailable .message {text-align: left;margin: 0 -5px 15px;padding: 0 5px 14px;border-bottom: 1px solid #888;font-size: 19px;font-weight: normal;}.player-unavailable a {color: #167ac6;text-decoration: none;}.yt-embed-thumbnail {background-size: cover;background-position: center;background-repeat: no-repeat;height: 100%;}.ytp-lightweight {position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;width: 100%;height: 100%;}.exp-invert-logo #header:before, .exp-invert-logo .ypc-join-family-header .logo, .exp-invert-logo #footer-logo .footer- logo-icon, .exp-invert-logo #yt-masthead #logo-container .logo, .exp-invert-logo #masthead #logo-container, .exp-invert-logo .admin-masthead-logo a, .exp-invert-logo #yt-sidebar-styleguide-logo #logo { background: no-repeat url(/yts/img/ringo/hitchhiker/logo_small_2x-vfl4_cFqn.png); background-size: 100px 30px; } .exp-invert-logo #yt-masthead #logo-container .logo-red { background: no-repeat url(/yts/img/ringo/hitchhiker/logo_youtube_red_2x-vflOSHA_n.png); background-size: 132px 30px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 498px), only screen and (min-width: 499px) and (max-width: 704px) { .exp-invert-logo.exp-responsive #yt-masthead #logo-container { background: no-repeat url(/yts/img/ringo/hitchhiker/yt_play_logo_2x-vflXx5Pg3.png); background-size: 40px 28px; } } .guide-sort-container {display: none}var ytcsi = {gt: function(n) {n = (n || '') + 'data_';return ytcsi[n] || (ytcsi[n] = {tick: {},info: {}});},now: window.performance && window.performance.timing &&wi ndow.performance.now ? function() {return window.performance.timing.navigationStart + window.performance.now();} : function() {return (new Date()).getTime();},tick: function(l, t, n) {ticks = ytcsi.gt(n).tick;var v = t || ytcsi.now();if (ticks[l]) {ticks['_' + l] = (ticks['_' + l] || [ticks[l]]);ticks['_' + l].push(v);}ticks[l] = v;},info: function(k, v, n) {ytcsi.gt(n).info[k] = v;},setStart: function(s, t, n) {ytcsi.info('yt_sts', s, n);ytcsi.tick('_start', t, n);}};(function(w, d) {ytcsi.setStart('dhs', w.performance ? w.performance.timing.responseStart : null);var isPrerender = (d.visibilityState || d.webkitVisibilityState) == 'prerender';var vName = (!d.visibilityState && d.webkitVisibilityState)? 'webkitvisibilitychange' : 'visibilitychange';if (isPrerender) {ytcsi.info('prerender', 1);var startTick = function() {ytcsi.setStart('dhs');d.removeEventListener(vName, startTick);};d.addEventListener(vName, startTick, false);}if (d.addEventListener) {d.addEventListener(vName, functi on() {ytcsi.tick('vc');}, false);}var slt = function(el, t) {setTimeout(function() {var n = ytcsi.now();el.loadTime = n;if (el.slt) {el.slt();}}, t);};w.__ytRIL = function(el) {if (!el.getAttribute('data-thumb')) {if (w.requestAnimationFrame) {w.requestAnimationFrame(function() {slt(el, 0);});} else {slt(el, 16);}}};})(window, document);var ytcfg = {d: function() {return (window.yt && yt.config_) || ytcfg.data_ || (ytcfg.data_ = {});},get: function(k, o) {return (k in ytcfg.d()) ? ytcfg.d()[k] : o;},set: function() {var a = arguments;if (a.length > 1) {ytcfg.d()[a[0]] = a[1];} else {for (var k in a[0]) {ytcfg.d()[k] = a[0][k];}}}};ytcfg.set("EXPERIMENT_FLAGS", {"webcam_prefer_vp9":true,"live_chat_use_new_default_filter_mode":true,"enable_webcam_scheduling":true,"service_worker_push_home_only":true,"web_system_health_fraction":0.01,"live_chat_increased_min_height":true,"app_settings_snapshot_min_time_between_snapshots_hours":24,"desktop_notification_set_title_bar":true,"enable_docked _chat_messages":true,"botguard_periodic_refresh":true,"html5_serverside_pagead_id_sets_cookie":true,"autoescape_tempdata_url":true,"enable_playlist_visibility":true,"log_web_meta_interval_ms":0,"service_worker_push_watch_page_prompt":true,"desktop_pyv_on_watch_override_lact":true,"service_worker_push_home_page_prompt":true,"live_chat_message_sampling_rate":4.0,"enable_classic_encoder_pointback":true,"enable_afv_div_reset_in_kevlar":true,"interaction_click_on_gel_web":true,"desktop_companion_wta_support":true,"enable_watch_next_pause_autoplay_lact":true,"enable_creator_highlights":true,"live_chat_replay":true,"use_push_for_desktop_live_chat":true,"consent_url_override":"","service_worker_push_force_notification_prompt_tag":"1","interaction_logging_on_gel_web":true,"enable_youtubei_innertube":true,"service_worker_push_logged_out_prompt_watches":-1,"log_window_onerror_fraction":0.1,"desktop_classic_video_masthead_wta_support":true,"youtubei_for_web":true,"attach_child_on_gel_web":true, "enable_webcam_dynamic_poll_period":true,"remove_web_visibility_batching":true,"desktop_image_companion_wta_support":true,"is_browser_supported_for_live_studio_streaming":true,"service_worker_push_prompt_delay_ms":3888000000,"same_domain_static_resources_desktop":true,"desktop_polymer_video_masthead_mute_ad_support":true,"retry_web_logging_batches":true,"log_web_screen_end":true,"web_gel_lact":true,"autoplay_pause_sampling_fraction":0.0,"player_unified_fullscreen_transitions":true,"enable_gel_web_client_event_id":true,"live_chat_replay_milliqps_threshold":5000,"service_worker_enabled":true,"optimistically_create_transport_client":true,"desktop_shopping_companion_wta_support":true,"enable_live_chat_paid_event_merged_queries":true,"enable_classic_creation_menu":true,"web_logging_max_batch":20,"desktop_polymer_video_masthead_session_tempdata_ttl":30,"service_worker_scope":"\/","web_always_load_chat_support":true,"enable_html5_conversion_ve_reporting":true,"desktop_pyv_on_watch_missing_ params":true,"live_chat_inline_moderation":true,"gfeedback_for_signed_out_users_enabled":true,"enable_desktop_polymer_video_masthead_upgrade":true,"desktop_polymer_video_masthead_wta_support":true,"service_worker_push_prompt_cap":-1,"is_browser_support_for_webcam_streaming":true,"live_chat_flash_money_button_on_super_chat_delivery":true,"enable_wta_classic_search_pyv":true,"desktop_polymer_video_masthead_always_use_responsive_iframe":true,"cancel_pending_navs":true,"use_webrtc_ingestor_handshake":true,"watch_next_pause_autoplay_lact_sec":4500,"player_swfcfg_cleanup":true,"web_android9_useragent_fix":true,"desktop_videowall_companion_wta_support":true,"player_external_control_on_classic_desktop":true,"cold_load_nav_start_web":true,"log_vis_on_tab_change":true,"enable_webcam_scheduling_hint":true,"ad_to_video_use_gel":true,"live_chat_top_chat_window_length_sec":4,"live_chat_top_chat_split":0.5,"enable_webcam_dvr":true,"autoplay_pause_by_lact_sampling_fraction":0.0,"debug_forced_promo_ id":"","desktop_action_companion_wta_support":true,"desktop_pyv_on_watch_via_valor":true,"autoplay_pause_by_lact_sec":0,"enable_desktop_polymer_video_masthead":true,"enable_more_related_ve_logging":true,"warm_load_nav_start_web":true,"interaction_screen_on_gel_web":true,"very_optimistically_create_gel_client":true,"lact_local_listeners":true,"service_worker_push_enabled":true,"desktop_notification_high_priority_ignore_push":true,"clear_web_implicit_clicktracking":true,"live_chat_flagging_reasons":true,"service_worker_push_prompt_delay_microseconds":3888000000000,"use_watch_fragments2":true}); The "Last Lecture" by Randy Pausch - YouTube yt.setConfig({'EVENT_ID': "_UwFXPKAJczW7QTAva_gAg",'VIDEO_ID': "j7zzQpvoYcQ",'POST_MESSAGE_ORIGIN': "*",'BG_P': "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\ 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",'BG_IU': "\/\/www.google.com\/js\/bg\/fA3PWDvoDfLMETKt6OdyVSp7_dRf5_1fmHnX-8YGhE4.js",'XSRF_TOKEN': 'QUFFLUhqbEhUYVAtS0dQZndzbHBja3owTkZCSGZCdjNTZ3xBQ3Jtc0tsVjQ1MlNCRV9PSE11cnJnS1Bha2Raa25qdDdNNFAxanpVQkhWalN3amJ 5bU55ZVVETlpFdU1CVWRNUFVkMjBEV3JFZmt1ZmdTTmU0WGZPY0E1aWVlVjBCSFBpeWhDdnMwN0ZiZmxCNjFDdmJzZFAzZHd6Z1ZhTzJHVHNoNG5xVXR6ekhaaEtpcWNZYUFHVWFMWU5EUlhOQkN4bUE=','XSRF_FIELD_NAME': 'session_token','EURL': "https:\/\/studymoose.com\/constructive-critique-on-public-speaking-essay"});yt.setConfig({INNERTUBE_API_KEY: "AIzaSyAO_FJ2SlqU8Q4STEHLGCilw_Y9_11qcW8",APIARY_HOST: "",INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME: 56,XHR_APIARY_HOST: "youtubei.youtube.com",INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION: "20181129",INNERTUBE_API_VERSION: "v1",GAPI_HINT_PARAMS: "m;\/_\/scs\/abc-static\/_\/js\/k=gapi.gapi.en.BstDmEhpa_Q.O\/rt=j\/d=1\/rs=AHpOoo-oqKdOJIcyAi5YyA6pahSkp_ojsw\/m=__features__",APIARY_HOST_FIRSTPARTY: "",'VISITOR_DATA': "CgtqUlpUbXFlYmVzbyj9mZXgBQ%3D%3D",'DELEGATED_SESSION_ID': null,'GAPI_HOST': "https:\/\/apis.google.com",'GAPI_LOCALE': "en_US",'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_HL': "en",'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_GL': "UA",'XHR_APIARY_HOST': "youtubei.youtube.com"});ytcfg.set("ROOT_VE_TYPE", 16623);ytcfg.set("EVENT_ID", "_UwFXPKAJ czW7QTAva_gAg");yt.setConfig({'PLAYER_CONFIG': {"params":{"allowscriptaccess":"always","bgcolor":"#000000","allowfullscreen":"true"},"sts":17864,"url":"","html5":true,"assets":{"js":"\/yts\/jsbin\/player-vflBGiA6J\/en_US\/base.js","css":"\/yts\/cssbin\/player-vflDka7MU\/www-player.css"},"attrs":{"width":"100%","id":"video-player","height":"100%"},"args":{"allow_ratings":1,"expanded_subtitle":"1.5K subscribers","innertube_api_key":"AIzaSyAO_FJ2SlqU8Q4STEHLGCilw_Y9_11qcW8","is_html5_mobile_device":false,"iurlhq":"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/j7zzQpvoYcQ\/hqdefault.jpg","adformat":null,"ssl":"1","video_id":"j7zzQpvoYcQ","iurl":"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/j7zzQpvoYcQ\/hqdefault.jpg","profile_picture":"https:\/\/yt3.ggpht.com\/-JDIxiEXnHPE\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAAAA\/r7NUOQZJIiU\/s68-c-k-no-mo-rj-c0xffffff\/photo.jpg","length_seconds":6249,"fexp":"23710476,23721898,23726562,23744176,23749445,23751731,23751767,23752869,23753056,23755886,23755898,23760559,23760706,23762649,23764069,23765549,2 3768348,23769830,23772104,23774007,23774272,23774946,23776069,23779056,23779310,23779812,23779836,23780594,23780686,23780686,9405995,9441382,9449243,9474462,9485000","allow_embed":1,"innertube_api_version":"v1","view_count":702648,"subscribed":false,"cbr":"Firefox","enablejsapi":"1","avg_rating":4.9090294979,"apiary_host":"","host_language":"en","origin":"*","rel":"1","enablecastapi":"1","eventid":"_UwFXPKAJczW7QTAva_gAg","cosver":"6.1","player_error_log_fraction":"1.0","gapi_hint_params":"m;\/_\/scs\/abc-static\/_\/js\/k=gapi.gapi.en.BstDmEhpa_Q.O\/rt=j\/d=1\/rs=AHpOoo-oqKdOJIcyAi5YyA6pahSkp_ojsw\/m=__features__","apiary_host_firstparty":"","el":"embedded","c":"WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER","embed_config":"{}","channel_path":"\/channel\/UCOO3DgRBnPDO-6SFlKC20Fg","cbrver":"53.0","xhr_apiary_host":"youtubei.youtube.com","expanded_title":"Gabriel Robins","fflags":"mweb_enable_instream_ui_refresh=true\u0026html5_license_constraint_delay=5000\u0026html5_vis_upgrades_are_resizes=true\u0026html5_d efault_quality_cap=0\u0026bulleit_block_player_pause_until_ad_start=true\u0026dynamic_ad_break_pause_threshold_sec=0\u0026html5_view_offset=0.0\u0026html5_live_low_latency_bandwidth_window=0.0\u0026android_early_fetch_for_autoplay=true\u0026html5_ad_no_buffer_abort_after_skippable=true\u0026html5_seeking_buffering_only_playing=true\u0026html5_hfr_quality_cap=0\u0026html5_serverside_call_server_on_biscotti_timeout=true\u0026html5_max_av_sync_drift=50\u0026web_player_sentinel_launch=true\u0026html5_disable_vp8_only_browsers=true\u0026html5_variability_discount=0.5\u0026html5_background_quality_cap=360\u0026log_playback_associated_web=true\u0026html5_prefer_server_bwe3=true\u0026mweb_muted_autoplay_animation=shrink\u0026enable_html5_conversion_ve_reporting=true\u0026use_ima_media_selection_in_bulleit=true\u0026preskip_countdown_font_size=\u0026bulleit_remove_client_side_midroll_reactivation=true\u0026html5_disable_audio_slicing=true\u0026html5_incremental_parser_buffer_extra_bytes=1638 4\u0026bulleit_round_up_tsla=true\u0026dynamic_ad_break_seek_threshold_sec=0\u0026html5_live_4k_more_buffer=true\u0026use_always_dimmed_skip_in_bulleit_web=true\u0026html5_log_rebuffer_events=0\u0026defer_player_config_and_threed_deciders=true\u0026html5_creativeless_vast_on_ima=true\u0026tvhtml5_disable_live_prefetch=true\u0026defer_playability_status_fillers=true\u0026html5_live_disable_dg_pacing=true\u0026html5_max_buffer_duration=120\u0026html5_variability_no_discount_thresh=1.0\u0026use_full_timing_library=true\u0026process_extensions_in_vast_wrappers_for_survey_ads=true\u0026bulleit_use_video_end_cuerange_for_completion=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_load_speed_check_interval=0.5\u0026king_crimson_player_redux=true\u0026player_destroy_old_version=true\u0026disable_client_side_midroll_freq_capping=true\u0026html5_get_video_info_timeout_ms=30000\u0026kevlar_miniplayer_button=true\u0026html5_optimality_migration=true\u0026delay_bulleit_media_load_timer=true\u0026allow_midro lls_on_watch_resume_in_bulleit=true\u0026bulleit_send_engage_ping_on_companion_click=true\u0026html5_live_abr_head_miss_fraction=0.0\u0026midroll_notify_time_seconds=5\u0026enable_afv_div_reset_in_kevlar=true\u0026player_external_control_on_classic_desktop=true\u0026uniplayer_dbp=true\u0026mweb_playsinline_webview=true\u0026desktop_companion_wta_support=true\u0026enable_bulleit_for_mweb=true\u0026html5_pipeline_manifestless=true\u0026html5_enable_non_diegetic=true\u0026use_html5_player_event_timeout=true\u0026html5_variability_full_discount_thresh=3.0\u0026external_fullscreen_with_edu=true\u0026variable_load_timeout_ms=0\u0026html5_max_headm_for_streaming_xhr=0\u0026html5_suspend_manifest_on_pause=true\u0026allow_live_autoplay=true\u0026lightweight_watch_video_swf=true\u0026use_new_skip_icon=true\u0026html5_tv_bearer=true\u0026kevlar_miniplayer=true\u0026ima_video_ad_with_overlay_class_logging_percentage=0.01\u0026html5_store_xhr_headers_readable=true\u0026flex_theater_mode=true\u00 26html5_dont_predict_end_time_in_past=true\u0026playready_on_borg=true\u0026www_for_videostats=true\u0026html5_streaming_xhr_progress_includes_latest=true\u0026html5_request_sizing_multiplier=0.8\u0026enable_static_font_size_on_text_only_preview=true\u0026html5_delay_initial_loading=true\u0026web_player_attestation_auth_headers=true\u0026fixed_padding_skip_button=true\u0026set_default_wta_if_missing_for_externs=true\u0026legacy_autoplay_flag=true\u0026youtubei_for_web=true\u0026html5_probe_primary_delay_base_ms=0\u0026attach_child_on_gel_web=true\u0026html5_unrewrite_timestamps=true\u0026mweb_cougar_big_controls=true\u0026html5_hls_initial_bitrate=0\u0026desktop_image_companion_wta_support=true\u0026mpu_visible_threshold_count=2\u0026html5_use_hasAdvanced_for_pbs=true\u0026html5_manifestless_no_redundant_seek_to_head=true\u0026sdk_ad_prefetch_time_seconds=-1\u0026html5_serverside_call_server_on_biscotti_error=true\u0026bulleit_check_overlay_container_before_show=true\u0026bulleit_re gister_placements_in_order=true\u0026web_player_api_logging_fraction=0.01\u0026web_player_sentinel_is_uniplayer=true\u0026html5_jumbo_mobile_subsegment_readahead_target=3.0\u0026html5_manifestless_request_prediction=true\u0026skip_restore_on_abandon_in_bulleit=true\u0026html5_preload_media=true\u0026html5_disable_move_pssh_to_moov=true\u0026ad_duration_threshold_for_showing_endcap_seconds=15\u0026enable_text_ad_overlay_link_fix=true\u0026dash_manifest_version=5\u0026html5_use_media_capabilities=true\u0026html5_default_ad_gain=0.5\u0026html5_disable_preserve_reference=true\u0026player_unified_fullscreen_transitions=true\u0026html5_video_tbd_min_kb=0\u0026bulleit_use_cue_video_to_reset_on_stop_ad=true\u0026html5_serverside_biscotti_id_wait_ms=1000\u0026html5_bandwidth_window_size=0\u0026html5_live_no_streaming_impedance_mismatch=true\u0026mweb_undim_skip_button_on_ad_pause=true\u0026html5_tight_max_buffer_allowed_impaired_time=0.0\u0026html5_repredict_interval_secs=0.0\u0026ima_disabl e_reset_active_media_load_timeout=true\u0026bulleit_update_tsla_cookie=true\u0026html5_start_date_from_element=true\u0026html5_manifestless_shrink_timestamps=true\u0026call_release_video_in_bulleit=true\u0026html5_manifestless_accurate_sliceinfo=true\u0026html5_no_shadow_env_data_redux=true\u0026bulleit_register_cue_range_events_before_ad_init=true\u0026html5_adaptation_fix=true\u0026desktop_shopping_companion_wta_support=true\u0026html5_maximum_readahead_seconds=0.0\u0026html5_request_size_padding_secs=3.0\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_seek_latency_fudge=0.5\u0026html5_streaming_xhr_optimize_lengthless_mp4=true\u0026html5_bmffparser_use_fast_read_string=true\u0026html5_jumbo_ull_nonstreaming_mffa_ms=4000\u0026segment_volume_reporting=true\u0026html5_waiting_before_ended=true\u0026unplugged_tvhtml5_video_preload_on_focus_delay_ms=0\u0026html5_adjust_effective_request_size=true\u0026html5_hls_min_video_height=0\u0026html5_dynamic_readahead_growth_rate=0.0\u0026html5_expire_preloade d_players=true\u0026fast_autonav_in_background=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_target_buffer_health_secs=0.5\u0026html5_desktop_vr180_allow_panning=true\u0026html5_ultra_low_latency_streaming_responses=true\u0026html5_platform_whitelisted_for_frame_accurate_seeks=true\u0026html5_min_buffer_to_resume=6\u0026enable_bulleit_ve_single_clickthrough=true\u0026html5_reason_reporting_migration=true\u0026html5_tight_max_buffer_allowed_bandwidth_stddevs=0.0\u0026mweb_ios_handle_player_click_by_touch_event=true\u0026max_resolution_for_white_noise=360\u0026use_forced_linebreak_preskip_text=true\u0026embed_api_deprecation=true\u0026html5_incremental_parser_buffer_duration_secs=1.5\u0026live_chunk_readahead=3\u0026html5_suspend_loader=true\u0026mweb_bulleit_show_ad_top_bar_for_phones=true\u0026html5_min_readbehind_cap_secs=60\u0026html5_pipeline_ultra_low_latency=true\u0026mweb_muted_autoplay=true\u0026html5_stale_dash_manifest_retry_factor=1.0\u0026html5_live_normal_latency_bandwidth_window =0.0\u0026html5_background_cap_idle_secs=60\u0026lasr_captions_holdback_counterfactual_id=0\u0026fix_bulleit_cue_range_seek=true\u0026html5_post_interrupt_readahead=20\u0026vmap_enabled_living_room=true\u0026html5_deadzone_multiplier=1.0\u0026html5_shrink_live_timestamps=true\u0026autoplay_time=10000\u0026html5_use_adaptive_live_readahead=true\u0026mweb_autonav=true\u0026variable_buffer_timeout_ms=0\u0026html5_remove_pause=false\u0026desktop_cleanup_companion_on_instream_begin=true\u0026bulleit_terminate_ad_when_ending_with_commands=true\u0026html5_readahead_ratelimit=3000\u0026web_player_assume_format3_available=true\u0026html5_fallbacks_delay_primary_probes=true\u0026html5_new_seeking=true\u0026visibility_error_html_dump_sample_rate=0.01\u0026html5_connect_timeout_secs=7.0\u0026html5_progressive_fallback=true\u0026bulleit_mimic_ima_player_api_calls=true\u0026html5_player_autonav_logging=true\u0026enable_simple_preview_for_postrolls_html5=true\u0026html5_inline_video_quality_survey =true\u0026html5_new_vis_fullscreen_and_airplay=true\u0026html5_no_placeholder_rollbacks=true\u0026bulleit_extract_delayed_mpu_on_all_placement_init=true\u0026mweb_playsinline=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_min_load_speed=1.5\u0026persist_text_on_preview_button=true\u0026html5_probe_secondary_during_timeout_miss_count=2\u0026web_player_kaios_autoplay=true\u0026html5_qoe_intercept=\u0026html5_manifestless_synchronized=true\u0026html5_vp9_live_blacklist_edge=true\u0026html5_incremental_parser_coalesce_slice_buffers=true\u0026postroll_notify_time_seconds=5\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_timeout_secs=2.0\u0026html5_autonav_quality_cap=0\u0026html5_spherical_bicubic_mode=1\u0026deprecate_vss_dallas_cache=true\u0026bulleit_web_dim_skip_using_css=true\u0026html5_min_secs_between_format_selections=8.0\u0026desktop_videowall_companion_wta_support=true\u0026website_actions_throttle_percentage=1.0\u0026html5_ad_stats_bearer=true\u0026preskip_button_style_ads_backend=\u0026html5_ignore_b ad_bitrates=true\u0026use_new_style=true\u0026enable_prefetch_for_postrolls=true\u0026html5_av1_thresh=0\u0026html5_min_readbehind_secs=0\u0026interaction_click_on_gel_web=true\u0026html5_manifestless_interpolate=true\u0026enable_overlay_hide_timer_fix=true\u0026interaction_screen_on_gel_web=true\u0026html5_min_upgrade_health=0\u0026html5_get_video_info_promiseajax=true\u0026enable_live_premieres_vss_live_type_lp=true\u0026html5_aspect_from_adaptive_format=true\u0026bulleit_get_midroll_info_timeout_ms=8000\u0026android_attestation_flow=yt_player\u0026add_border_to_bulleit_mweb_skip=true\u0026html5_allowable_liveness_drift_chunks=2\u0026vss_dni_delayping=0\u0026html5_disable_non_contiguous=true\u0026live_fresca_v2=true\u0026web_player_housebrand_video_url_killswitch=true\u0026tvhtml5_min_readbehind_secs=20\u0026html5_minimum_readahead_seconds=0.0\u0026html5_sticky_reduces_discount_by=0.0\u0026bulleit_use_touch_events_for_skip=true\u0026html5_restrict_streaming_xhr_on_sqless_requests= true\u0026html5_platform_minimum_readahead_seconds=0.0\u0026ad_to_video_use_gel=true\u0026html5_enable_embedded_player_visibility_signals=true\u0026use_touch_events_for_bulleit_mweb=true\u0026use_fast_fade_in_0s=true\u0026html5_log_hls_video_height_change_as_format_change=true\u0026html5_live_ultra_low_latency_bandwidth_window=0.0\u0026bulleit_use_video_ad_div_as_overlay_container=true\u0026html5_live_abr_repredict_fraction=0.0\u0026html5_exile_broken_instances=true\u0026html5_playback_data_migration=true\u0026send_html5_api_stats_ads_abandon=true\u0026web_player_response_multicamera_parsing_killswitch2=true\u0026show_countdown_on_bumper=true\u0026bulleit_disable_preroll_release_on_dispose=true\u0026web_player_sentinel=true\u0026kevlar_allow_multistep_video_init=true\u0026show_thumbnail_on_standard=true\u0026enable_live_premiere_web_player_indicator=true\u0026live_readahead_seconds_multiplier=0.8\u0026web_logging_max_batch=20\u0026embed_new_info_bar=true\u0026html5_max_readahead_ban dwidth_cap=0\u0026html5_reattach_resource_after_timeout_limit=0\u0026enable_mute_ad_endpoint_resolution_on_bulleit=true\u0026html5_vp9_live_whitelist=true\u0026html5_ignore_updates_before_initial_ping=true\u0026mweb_add_ad_info_button_on_fullscreen_only_devices=true\u0026playready_first_play_expiration=-1\u0026desktop_action_companion_wta_support=true\u0026use_refreshed_overlay_buttons=true\u0026turn_down_serialized_player_request_for_bulleit_living_room=true\u0026html5_manifestless_always_redux=true\u0026enable_bulleit_lidar_integration=true\u0026html5_pause_video_fix=true\u0026safari_enable_spherical=true\u0026html5_manifestless_captions=true\u0026low_engagement_player_quality_cap=360\u0026tvhtml5_yongle_quality_cap=0\u0026provide_default_wta_reasons=true\u0026spacecast_uniplayer_decorate_manifest=true\u0026html5_frame_accurate_seek_limit=3\u0026html5_decode_to_texture_cap=true\u0026html5_log_playback_rate_change_killswitch=true\u0026fix_gpt_pos_params=true\u0026enable_overlays_wt a=true\u0026disable_new_pause_state3=true\u0026stop_using_ima_sdk_gpt_request_activity=true\u0026html5_peak_shave=true\u0026skip_ad_button_with_thumbnail=true\u0026mweb_cougar=true\u0026html5_disable_subscribe_new_vis=true\u0026html5_ignore_public_setPlaybackQuality=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_require_whitelist=true\u0026html5_parse_inline_fallback_host=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_min_buffer_health_secs=0.25\u0026html5_jumbo_ull_subsegment_readahead_target=1.3\u0026doubleclick_gpt_retagging=true\u0026html5_widevine_hw_secure_all=true\u0026html5_quality_cap_min_age_secs=0\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_min_buffer_health_secs_on_timeout=0.1\u0026html5_probe_live_using_range=true\u0026enable_bulleit_for_web_gaming=true\u0026enable_survey_ad_info_dialog=true\u0026html5_elbow_tracking_tweaks=true\u0026html5_media_fullscreen=true\u0026sdk_wrapper_levels_allowed=0\u0026disable_client_side_midroll_freq_capping_nonpc=true\u0026html5_probe_media_capabilities=true\u0026html5 _fludd_suspend=true\u0026bulleit_use_http_get_by_default_for_get_midroll_info=true\u0026bulleit_publish_external_playback_events=true\u0026web_player_music_visualizer_treatment=fake\u0026forced_brand_precap_duration_ms=2000\u0026html5_live_pin_to_tail=true\u0026html5_widevine_robustness_strings=true\u0026html5_msi_error_fallback=true\u0026html5_request_size_max_secs=31\u0026html5_qoe_bearer=true\u0026html5_streaming_xhr_buffer_mdat=true\u0026html5_cut_vss_on_visibility=true\u0026html5_webgl_disable_alpha=true\u0026ad_video_end_renderer_duration_milliseconds=7000\u0026html5_stop_video_in_cancel_playback=true\u0026html5_request_size_min_secs=0.0\u0026show_thumbnail_behind_ypc_offer_module=true","iurlmq":"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/j7zzQpvoYcQ\/mqdefault.jpg","ucid":"UCOO3DgRBnPDO-6SFlKC20Fg","cr":"UA","vss_host":"s.youtube.com","title":"The \"Last Lecture\" by Randy Pausch","cver":"20181129","cos":"Windows","is_embed":"1","short_view_count_text":"702K views","innertube_context_client_ version":"20181129","hl":"en_US","loaderUrl":"https:\/\/studymoose.com\/constructive-critique-on-public-speaking-essay","subtitle":"702K views †¢ 154 comments","feature":"oembed"}}});writeEmbed(); ytcsi.info('st', 119);ytcfg.set({"CSI_SERVICE_NAME":"","TIMING_INFO":{"cver":"20181129","c":"WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER","yt_li":0,"yt_lt":"cold"}});;ytcfg.set({"CSI_VIEWPORT":true,"TIMING_ACTION":""});; An error occurred.Try watching this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if it is disabled in your browser. http://www.cmu.edu/randyslecture/story/index.html http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Lessons-Learned-from-Randy-Pausch-Video http://www.etc.cmu.edu/site/

A Dolls House Character Study Mrs. Kristine Linde

Of all the characters in Ibsens classic drama A Doll’s House, Mrs. Kristine Linde serves as the most functional in terms of plot development. It is as though Henrik Ibsen was writing Act One and wondering, â€Å"How will I let the audience know the inner thoughts of my protagonist? I know! I’ll introduce an old friend, and Nora Helmer can then reveal everything!†Ã‚  Because of her function, any actress playing the role of Mrs. Linde will be doing a great deal of attentive listening. At times, Mrs. Linde functions as a convenient device for exposition. She enters Act One as an almost forgotten friend, a lonely widow seeking a job from Nora’s husband. Nora does not spend much time listening to Mrs. Linde’s troubles; rather selfishly, Nora discusses how excited she is about Torvald Helmer’s recent success. Mrs. Linde says to Nora, â€Å"You haven’t known much trouble or hardship in your own life.† Nora tosses her head defiantly and struts to the other side of the room. Then, she launches into a dramatic explanation of all her secret activities (obtaining a loan, saving Torvald’s life, paying off her debt). Mrs. Linde is more than a sounding board; she offers opinions about Nora’s questionable actions. She warns Nora of her flirtation with Dr. Rank. She also raises questions about Nora’s lengthy speeches. Changing the Outcome of the Story In Act Three, Mrs. Linde becomes more pivotal. It turns out that she long ago had a romantic tryst with Nils Krogstad, the man attempting to blackmail Nora. She rekindles their relationship and inspires Krogstad to amend his wicked ways. It could be argued that this happy coincidence is not terribly realistic. However, Ibsen’s third act is not about Nora’s conflict with Krogstad. It is about the dismantling of illusions between a husband and wife. Therefore, Mrs. Linde conveniently removes Krogstad from the role of villain. Yet, she still decides to meddle. She insists that â€Å"Helmer must know everything. This unhappy secret must come out!† Even though she has the power to change Krogstad’s mind, she uses her influence to make certain that Nora’s secret is discovered. Ideas for Discussion When teachers discuss Mrs. Linde in class, it is interesting to gauge the students’ reactions to Mrs. Linde. Many believe that she should mind her own business, while others feel that a true friend will intervene in the same way Mrs. Linde does. Despite some of the perfunctory qualities of Mrs. Linde, she does provide a striking thematic contrast. Many view Ibsen’s play as an assault on the traditional institution of marriage. Yet, in Act Three Mrs. Linde happily celebrates her return to domesticity: Mrs. Linde: (Tidies the room a little and gets her hat and coat ready.) How things changes! How things change! Somebody to work for†¦ to live for. A home to bring happiness into. Just let me get down to it. Notice how, ever the caretaker, she cleans up while daydreaming about her new life as Krogstad’s wife. She is ecstatic about her newly revived love. In the end, perhaps Mrs. Kristine Linde balances Nora’s impetuous and ultimately independent nature.

The 1950s A Decade Of Prosperity, Conformity, And Consensus

Kylie Suitum Hist 406 Final Paper 12/11/15 Historians tend to portray the 1950’s as a decade of prosperity, conformity, and consensus, and the 1960’s as a decade of turbulence, protest, and disillusionment. Do you agree or disagree with this view? Show evidence to support your argument. With the overwhelming amount of Levittown houses, the obsession to obtain the perfect American â€Å"ideal family† as seen on TV and the unspoken agreement to fear any and all foreign ideas and values, the 1950s were revealed to be a decade of prosperity, conformity and consensus. Just ten years later the atmosphere in America was shockingly different; the 1960s were a decade of turbulence, protest and disillusionment due to the ongoing struggle for civil rights, arising feminism, and the Vietnam War. The development of the suburbs has been appointed to be the result of the â€Å"white flight† from the inner cities. In the 1950’s black Americans moved northward to cities to find industrial jobs that were within walking distance. Discrimination in cities worsened, crime rates increased and educational facilities’ credentials weakened or gained bad reputations. The upper-class families left the cities and mass migrated to the suburbs to escape the increasing crime rates and worsening conditions. This movement was later termed the â€Å"white flight†. Every American wanted to begin building the â€Å"ideal family†: two parents, two children and maybe a pet or two. This newly invented middle-class prospered asShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of The American Dream1166 Words   |  5 PagesFor some eras and numerous decades, the idea of the American dream has guaranteed democratic culture and material thriving. For some, the thought of flourishing stayed only a fantasy. In any case, for a plethora of Americans in the 1950s, the American Dream turned into a reality. Post war, they had within their field of reach was the opportunity to have so much more than their predecessors. The 1950s in America were described by post war wealth and economically great circumstances. With the dismaysRead MoreConsensus and Conformity Essays991 Words   |  4 Pagesto be dominated by consensus and conformity in the 1950s. As the commotions of the first half of the century ended, people were relieved but faced oncoming internal issues. The Great Depression and the two Great Wars caused people to seek tranquility and harmony. The fifties were the decade of change led by president Eisenhower. During this time the nation was in an up rise in many ways. The economy was booming as the Gross National Product more than doubled from the past decade. Thus there was aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Day The Music Died 2417 Words   |  10 PagesEstablishes the 1950s as the reference point for the rest of the song; Act II (verses 3 4) – Story building on the growing conflicts of the 60s; Act III (verse 5), the apocalyptic climax of the story; Epilogue (verse 6), the song’s coda Opening with the death of singer Buddy Holly and ending near the tragic concert at Altamont Motor Speedway, we are able to frame the span of years the song is covering—1959 to 1970—as the â€Å"10 years we’ve been on our own† of the third verse. It is across this decade that theRead More8 stages of social development6628 Words   |  27 Pageschange, not merely a set of policies and programs instituted for some specific results. This process has been going on since the dawn of history. But during the last five centuries it has picked up in speed and intensity, and during the last five decades has witnessed a marked surge in acceleration.[2] The basic mechanism driving social change is increasing awareness leading to better organization. Life evolves by consciousness and consciousness in turn progresses by organization. When society sensesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdiscipline. It is a body of thinking and writing that describes, explains and influences what goes on in organizations. It provides an underpinning body of knowledge that enables us to explore and develop management and leadership theory. In recent decades Organization Theory has become increasingly diverse in terms of the perspectives that writers use to study and understand organizations. These perspectives provide, in their different ways, profound challenges to the ways in which we live in and designRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesbusiness school curricula emphasized the technical aspects of management, focusi ng on economics, accounting, finance, and quantitative techniques. Course work in human behavior and people skills received relatively less attention. Over the past three decades, however, business faculty have come to realize the role that understanding human behavior plays in determining a manager’s effectiveness, and required courses on people skills have been added to many curricula. As the director of leadership at MIT’sRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagessource. Established Welds cannot grow in the absence of committed Wgureheads who tirelessly contribute to their development. One individual who has contributed immensely to management accounting thought and practice over the course of more than four decades is Michael Bromwich. Bromwich, who is about to retire as CIMA Professor of Accounting and Financial Management at London School of Economics (LSE), has published over eighty papers and articles and some Wfteen bo oks and monographs. His primary contributionRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagessuch as economics some of the founding principles, such as Adam Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand,† are being tested and reworked for the first time in more than 200 years. The traditional basic premise of volume production, which has driven manufacturing for decades—primarily economies of scale—is being challenged by today’s reality. Continuing with the example of software, once a successful software development has been created, the cost of volume production is almost nothing, and a company can maintain itsRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 604 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 605 CASE STUDY Ministry of Sound Richard Whittington The Ministry of Sound went from start-up to maturity in little over a decade. The case raises issues concerning both business strategy, particularly regarding sustainable competitive advantage and resources, and corporate strategy, particularly regarding diversiï ¬ cation and internationalisation. There are also issues of ownershipRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesProject management is not without problems. The Standish Group has tracked the management of information technology (IT) projects since 1994. This firm’s periodic landmark reports summarize the continued need for improved project management. For over a decade the Standish Reports of management of IT projects showed improvements. In 1994 approximately 16 percent of IT projects were completed on time, on budget; in 2004 the success rate moved up to 29 percent. 3 4 Chapter 1 Modern Project Management

Life of Flying in Amelia Earhart Biography - 1679 Words

By the time I had gotten two or three hundred feet off the ground, I knew I had to fly, were the words of Amelia Earhart that she expressed soon after she rode an airplane for the first time. Amelia Earhart was the first lady who flew across the Atlantic during her solo flight. She is known for her many records, accomplishments, and achievements. Her achievements are still remembered today, for she is a global inspiration to women. Many still admire her value of courage; she even wrote a poem about courage because she wanted to drive womens courage to fly. Her flying passion pushed her to form a flying organization that consisted of ninety nine women which later came to be known as the Ninety-Nines. Amelia Earhart was born on July 24th, 1897 in a wealthy neighborhood that is located near Missouri River. Her parents were Edwin and Amy Earhart. Amelia grew up as an adventurous child resembling her mother Amy Earhart; she is known for being the first woman that climbed Pikes Peak. Amelia had a younger sister called Muriel; ever since their childhood phase of life, they enjoyed spending time together. When they played together, Amelia built a roller coaster and pretended to be a pilot. The Earharts never minded their daughter being a tomboy who regularly performed sports and other outdoor activities with Muriel. Their relationship never declined as they grew up, for Amelia visited her sisters home during Christmas as she was pursuing her aviation career. Moreover, AmeliaShow MoreRelatedFly High â€Å"You gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you really stop600 Words   |  3 Pagesthings to new heights and expanded her life than just the ground. She went up high to the sky. Amelia Earhart was an important figure in American history, for her courage and many achievements in life. Amelia Mary Earhart was born on July 24, 1897. When she grew up, she was a Red Cross First Aid. Amelia was a nurse at Spadina Military Hospital. She helped soldiers from World War 1. (Amelia,1). After a few years, Amelia moved to California where she took flying lessons. In 1922, she bought an airplaneRead MoreLife Span Development and Personality: Amelia Earhart Psy 3001076 Words   |  5 PagesLife Span Development and Personality: Amelia Earhart â€Å"The woman who can create her own job is the woman who will win fame and fortune† (Amelia Earhart). This is the life span development and personality of Amelia Earhart an American aviator who mysterious disappearance during a round the world flight in 1937 as the worlds best known woman pilot every. The story of Amelia Earhart peaks many peoples’ interests, even today. She is known for being the first female to fly over the Atlantic OceanRead MoreAmelia Earhart Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesAmelia Earhart is a legend in America for flying the airplane. She had a passion for planes that went beyond a hobby. Other than flying she also wrote a few books and developed a fashion trend of flight clothes. She had many accomplishments in her life time from going to college to being the first women to solo over the Atlantic. Amelia Earhart is known in the American perception as one of the worlds most famous aviators. Amelia remains an icon of the power and perseverance of American women, andRead MoreAmelia Earhart was a Woman Who Rocked the Nation.840 Words   |  3 PagesAmelia E arhart was a remarkable woman, whose works beniffited this country greatly. Her courage emerged during a time when women were still supposed to be timid will forever be spoken with respect and honor by every american. Her records will forever be remembered and her flights will contine to be admired for uncoutable gentorations. Her speeches that spoke of a independant female unopposed to opposition and unafriad of adventure or danger influanced women to take a far larger role in scocietyRead MoreAmelia Earhart : A Pilot From A Young Age1821 Words   |  8 PagesApril 9, 2015 Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart was one of the most famous pilots in the world. She broke many aviation records . She was a fearless, daring, and determined pilot . Amelia followed her dreams and showed people that anything was possible. Amelia wanted to be a pilot from a young age. One day in December in 1920, Amelia and her father, Edwin, went to a winter airshow at a local airfield in Los Angeles, California.

The Importance of Drug Testing in Workplaces Free Essays

As widespread drug use is on the rise, many employers have begun to worry about the performance of their employees. Absenteeism, injuries, loss of productivity, employee morale, theft and fatalities are just some of the causes of drug use in the workplace. The idea of drug testing among workers has developed from society’s concern over a perceived increase in the use of drugs and the relation between drug use and impairment, with resultant risks to the worker, fellow workers and the public. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Drug Testing in Workplaces or any similar topic only for you Order Now As early as 1987, 21% of employers had instituted drug-testing programs. Employers have begun to think that mass drug tests are the answer to their problems. What many of these employers don’t know is that there are many problems that surround drug testing at work. One of the biggest of these problems is whether or not it is constitutional to conduct drug tests on the employees. Employers fail to educate themselves with established or recent laws about drug testing in the workplace and about human rights. Also, mass, low-cost screening tests may not be reliable or valid. Alcohol testing does not differentiate casual drinking from alcohol dependence or alcoholism. Drug tests can create an untrustworthy environment for the employees. There are better ways to address substance abuse. Drug testing in the workplace is an important issue for all of Canada’s labour force, regardless if it’s you’re first job or if you’ve had a steady job for 30 years. Many employees, who have had to subjugate themselves to degrading and demeaning drug tests, feel that these tests violate their constitutional rights. It is an infringement on their privacy. In order for the tests to make sure there is no specimen tampering there must be an administrator present to oversee every action the employee makes during their drug test. For tests such as hair and breath testing this does present a major problem, but for urine tests men and women alike are disturbed by the direct observation of their urine collection. Unfortunately, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies only to the laws and actions of the federal and provincial governments and their agencies. It does not apply to the policies and actions of private employers. The Charter therefore does not protect private sector employees from unreasonable drug testing. It is necessary to state that currently an employer can terminate an employee’s job if the employee has been using illegal drugs and alcohol, but only if such use is not considered a disability. Alcohol or drug addiction can be viewed as a physical and/or mental disability. In Ontario, the Ontario Human Rights, Citizenship, and Multiculturalism Act prohibit employment discrimination based on disability. Employers have a responsibility to accommodate employees who are disabled. Drug testing has not been proven to be against the Canadian Human Rights Commission. In order to institute a drug testing policy into a company which complies with human rights legislation, an employer must be able to demonstrate that the testing is related to job performance, and not just substance abuse. † Many employees feel that drug testing is a way of discriminating against people who might have a drug and/or alcohol disability. An example of such discrimination is found in Entrop v. Imperial Oil Ltd. The Ontario Board of Inquiry found that Imperial Oil Limited discriminated against Martin Entrop, a senior operator at the Sarnia Refinery, because of a disability. The Board of Inquiry found that â€Å"under a new Alcohol and Drug Policy introduce in 1992, Imperial Oil employees in â€Å"safety-sensitive† positions were required to notify management if they currently had or had previously had a substance abuse problem. † After Mr. Entrop heard that this policy was coming into effect he informed his employer that he had had an alcohol problem about ten years earlier, that he had attended Alcoholics Anonymous, and that he had abstained from using alcohol since 1984. Mr. Entrop had been an employee for seventeen years and he had had no problems at work that were related to substance abuse, but Imperial Oil’s policy required that Mr. Entrop be immediately removed form his current position. This example clearly shows that it is discriminatory to terminate a person’s job because of a past or present disability and that there are constitutional matters involved with drug testing in the workplace. The lab procedure is a second invasion of privacy. Urinalysis reveals not only the presence of illegal drugs, but also the existence of many other physical and medical conditions including pregnancy. Drug testing is an invasion of privacy that is to be abhorred and it is clearly against our constitutional rights. Drug testing is designed to detect and punish conduct that is usually engaged in off-duty and off employer’s premises, in other words, in private. There is much confusion about the accuracy of drug tests. In fact claims of billions of dollars lost in employee productivity are based on guesswork, not real evidence. Urine tests cannot test for drugs directly. They test for traces of substances taken before the test which are no longer active in your system but can still be detected. The most accurate methods of urine analysis are time-consuming and expensive, and even then can be wrong at least 10% of the time. Even though these drug tests are the most accurate, more often then not employers opt for a less accurate drug test because the more accurate ones are too much of an expense for the company. These cheaper drug tests often have an error rate of 30%, which means that 30% of all people that take these drugs tests are falsely accused and may be fired from their jobs. Also, traces of legal medicines, such as cough syrups, nasal sprays and eardrops can be confused with those of illegal drugs. Even the poppy seeds found in baked goods can produce a positive result for heroin. Furthermore, drug tests are not work-related because they do not measure impairment that occurs during work hours. A positive drug test only shows that a drug was taken at some time in the past. Also, the drug test does not distinguish between occasional and habitual use, the same is also true with alcohol testing. Another reason that drug testing isn’t very reliable is the fact that drug testing does not even detect all drug users. This is true because most stronger drugs such as cocaine do not last in the user’s blood stream as long as someone who has used marijuana for example. This means that the weekend user of cocaine is much more likely than the weekend user of marijuana to pass a weekday drug test. Also drug tests may not reveal very recent drug use. For example, a worker who does not smoke marijuana regularly decides to smoke marijuana in the middle of the work day, a drug test may come back negative because mot enough time has passed for drug metabolites to appear in the urine. With all these factors working against the accuracy of drug tests, not to mention the occasional error of the people who process the specimens at the lab and the false-negatives that occur when an employee deliberately decides to sabotage a drug test, it is hardly worth it for an employer to go through with the trouble of a drug tests when the true drug users, the ones that are harmful to the company, are not pointed out anyways. There are better ways to address substance abuse in the workplace then to rely on the very unreliable method of drug and alcohol testing. These ways are more cost-effective, time-effective and have a much better impact in the workplace; also they do not raise the same privacy issues that drug tests do. An effective alternative to drug testing is to train supervisors to confront, and refer impaired employees to Employee Assistance Programs or other intervention programs. This strategy leads to increased employee acceptance of treatment and a subsequent improvement in overall job performance. How to cite The Importance of Drug Testing in Workplaces, Essay examples

Corporate Governance and Ethics Modernity

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Governance and Ethicsfor Modernity. Answer: Introduction The concern of the following essay is to understand and determine whether in the era of modernity, leadership is an essential aspect for making ethical decisions or not. In general the role of ethics and morality is to take concern about the assessment of the notions of rights or wrong and of moral standards. Therefore, it can be said that ethics are a set of principles whose responsibility is to govern behavior of an individuals or an organizations behavior and code of conducting any particular activity. On the other hand, the phrase business ethics is indicative of the set of principles and standards for governing and controlling individuals and groups in a workplace (Ciulla 2014). In this context, it is to say that ethical aspects are related with human mode of interaction, therefore they take concern about the human behaviors. On the other side, leadership is a major organizational aspect that is implemented to control and govern workforces (Brown and Trevio 2014). Thus, the foll owing discourse will evaluate and understand whether leadership is connected with ethical decision-making or not. Therefore, the argument point, which will be focused throughout the essay is leadership is essential in developing the ethical decision making process. As per Trevino and Nelson (2006), leaders should be considered as the moral agents of an organization who should have rational opinions as well as have the capability to take morally appropriate decisions in right time. To understand the validity of the question, Kohlbergs theoretical stages of cognitive moral development should be considered. The first stage of Kohlbergs cognitive moral development indicates that moral decision or the process of determining which behavior is right or what is not, is controlled by rewards, favor and punishment associate with an action. As per Jones (1991), the power of leadership provides the capability to maintain and create a culture along with the ability to bring change in it. According to Tricker (2009), one of the most significant aspect of an organizations ethical culture is leadership as leaders affect organizational culture through role modeling or teaching, providing attention, observing and controlling critical incidents. In this respect, it is required to contemplate that some of the chief responsibilities of leaders and managers is to maintain every possible ethical behavior within an organization as per the fact that they affect organizational policies, practices as well as the culture (Trevino and Nelson 2006). Henceforth, they have the accountability to maintain and communicate their standards in form of playing the character of a role model. The aim of the present context demands to elaborate the definition and meaning of ethical leadership. In the words of Carroll (2001), an ethical leader is the amalgamation of a good character and the capability to set ethical standards and expectations. More precisely, a person who has all the traits of a moral person and a moral manager can establish an appropriate as well as ethical leadership. It means behavioral traits of a moral person, such as integrity, trustworthiness and honesty and the capacity to hold the values, fair objectives, concern for the society and the obedience to follow ethical rules should be there in a leader (Ferrell et al. 2005). On the other hand, predominant traits of a moral manager are to maintain role modeling with the help of visible action. As argued by Hartman and Desjardins (2008), a moral manger should have the ability to communicate about the values and ethics maintained by his/her organization to the subordinates. However, as per Shapiro and Stef kovich (2016), a moral manager should be capable of maintaining disciplines and should use the transactional leadership method of providing rewards or punishment. Henceforth, from the above brief, it can be established that a fruitful and ethical leadership should be possessed with honesty, integrity and value for society along with the traits of maintaining disciplines and holding the position of a role model. Based on (), an ethical leadership, which is essentially required in time of making ethical decisions, should have the capability of making fair and justified judgments (Shapiro and Stefkovich 2016). It should be considered in this respect that an ethical leader needs to stay hypocritical all the time and should stay impartial and rational. It is because of the fact that a moral or ethical decision is always determined by those reasons, which would seem acceptable to other persons. It needs to be contemplated here that a minimum conception of morality in a person demands the trait of impartiality through which the person can consider interests of all those people who would be affected by the moral decision (Carroll 2001). Nevertheless, it is fortunate to denote here that studies and researches have indicated that employees prefer to work in those organizations whose corporate culture promotes appropriate moral behaviors among its employees. Most significantly, it has been identified from surveys that an organization can promptly ensure and maintain high ethical standards through having a responsible and dutiful management. According to Cianci et al. (2014), it is chiefly the responsibility of management to ensure ethical standards by making value driven decision-making and showing zero tolerance for ethical violation. Considering the question about whether leadership is required in developing ethical decision making process, it can be said after the brief discourse above that leadership is needed to develop the trend of making ethical decision because of several reasons (Crossan et al. 2013). The first one is without leadership there would be no harmony and no one to decide and conclude what is right or what is wrong. Second, without leadership there would be chance of having biased judgments as there would be no one to take the neutral standpoint. However, in this context it is necessary to denote that if leadership is essential for developing ethical judgment then managers are required to adopt the theoretical standpoints of justice ethics. According to the justice ethics, managers should divide responsibility equally among the subordinates without discriminating on the basis of gender, race and favoritism. Furthermore, as per two of the dominant traits of justice ethics, which are distributive and procedural, benefits for the employees would be derived after having a thorough evaluation of every outcome and decision making process should be procedural (Kuntz et al. 2013). It means, participation and the decision making process should be based on those procedures, which would bring the outcomes. In this context, it is significant to mention that with the help of the application of justice ethics, it becomes easy for the leaders to determine whether the distribution of burden and benefits among the subordinates have been distr ibuted appropriately or not. However, the unfortunate part about the particular theoretical approach is that the leaders applying the approach always sacrifice rights of some people in order to ensure equitable distribution of benefits (Brown and Trevio 2014). The theoretical approach is indicative of the fact that for attending each of the aspects of justice theory in an organization, there is a need to have a firm leadership. On the other hand, if the moral activities within an organization can be visualized from the point of view of Kantianism, then it can be said that development of moral decision making relies on the several abstract universal principles, such as fairness, promise, justice, respect and honesty (Ciulla 2014). Moreover, Kantianism focuses on doing what is morally right rather than doing something for contributing to the social welfare. In the words of Ferrell et al. (2005), considering the Kantianism theoretical approach, it is to say that leadership is not the significant aspect to determine the development of ethical decision making. It is because of the fact that following the percept of Kantianism, an ethical decision making is a product of respect, fairness, honest justice and always approaching the way that is right. A leader has the responsibility to focus more on to maximize the welfare of the subordinates in an organization rather than only concentrating upon establishing the ri ght thing (Shapiro. and Stefkovich 2016). In this particular ground, the discussion about the essentiality of leadership in the development of moral decision making process proves fruitless. It is contradictory as per the matter that a moral decision making process needs to only concentrate on making judgments for the right option, whereas a leader or management has a relatively wider duty to think about the wellness of the subordinate workforce. As stated by Brown and Trevio (2014), it is the fundamental duty of the leaders to make beneficial decisions for everyone who is involved. Therefore, focus only on the moral good would not accomplish the priorities that a management needs to follow. On the other hand, as argued by Kuntz et al. (2013), the fundamental purpose of organizational perspective regarding making ethical decisions is to ensure employee welfare as well as a systematic corporate functionality. In this respect, the thematic concept of Utilitarianism could be explained. The theoretical approach of Utilitarianism unlike the theoretical approach of Kantianism is concerned with establishing moral decisions, which would effectively promote the overall good of the society. The particular theoretical approach appropriately supports the present hypothesis that says that leadership is necessary in order to have a fruitful development of decision making (Cianci et al. 2014). Utilitarianism says that a moral decision is the one that proves convenient in maximizing the number of good consequence for mitigating bad consequence for a greatest number of individuals. The approach rightly supports the predominant duty of a moral leadership, which is to support the process of making moral judgment for the betterment of the workforce. According to the words of Tricker (2009), the Utilitarianism theory believes that a decision would be best when it would not compromise the ethical ground as we ll as would yield to bring the greatest net benefit. Therefore, the emphasis here is upon majority. As per the Utilitarianism theory, the procedure of ethical decision making process in an organization involves a process of defining a particular issue, identifying affected stakeholders, listing all the alternative courses of action and identifying and calculating all the long-term and short-term costs. Therefore, it is easy to understand that each of process of developing moral judgments requires having a firm and experienced leadership (Crossan et al. 2013). If management desires to utilize the theoretical approach in time of developing and accomplishing an apt and ethical decision, following the discussed theory, they should start with analyzing the impact of the ethical issue on the stakeholders (Ciulla 2014). However, the main pitfall of the distinct theoretical approach is, most of the time in case of giving focus on moral end, decisions ignore the moral considerations. However, in favor of the present argument, it can be said that the process of developing ethical decision significantly includes the method of giving recognition to the aspect of personal rewards along with satisfaction. On the other hand, it is the duty of the management to give rewards or punishments to their subordinates on behalf of ethical judgment (Hartman and Desjardins 2008). Therefore, it should be said that leadership is an essential aspect without which, it is impossible to accomplish development of ethical decision making. From the above cohesive discourse, it is easy to underpin that a proper development of ethical decision is beyond possibility without the effectiveness of leadership. The argument has been supported by the Utilitarianism theory that has listed thoroughly the ways to make ethical judgments. According to the theory, a moral decision making process includes the duty of giving rewards, observing the impact of an ethical issue on the stakeholders and finally set up alternative options to mitigate them. Each of the procedures is understandably associated with leadership traits. As per the above essay an appropriate leadership is determined by the attributes of a ethical person as well as the characteristic features of a moral manager. Thus the argument brings light to the fact that in order to build a proper ethical judgment; there is the essential need of management or leadership. However, the argument has been also contradicted by the approach of Kantianism though the Utilitarianism appr oach has potentially taken edge over it. References Brown, M.E. and Trevio, L.K., 2014. Do role models matter? An investigation of role modeling as an antecedent of perceived ethical leadership.Journal of Business Ethics,122(4), pp.587-598. Carroll, AB., 2001. 'Models of management morality for the new millennium.' Business Ethics Quarterly, v. 11, n. 2, pp. 365-71. Cianci, A.M., Hannah, S.T., Roberts, R.P. and Tsakumis, G.T., 2014. The effects of authentic leadership on followers' ethical decision-making in the face of temptation: An experimental study.The Leadership Quarterly,25(3), pp.581-594. Ciulla, J.B. ed., 2014.Ethics, the heart of leadership. ABC-CLIO. Crossan, M., Mazutis, D. and Seijts, G., 2013. In search of virtue: The role of virtues, values and character strengths in ethical decision making.Journal of Business Ethics,113(4), pp.567-581. Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J Ferrell, L., 2005. Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Hartman, LP., and Desjardins, J., 2008. Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity social responsibility, McGraw-Hill irwin, Boston. Jones, TM., 1991. 'Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model', Academy of Management Review, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 366-95. Kuntz, J.R.C., Kuntz, J.R., Elenkov, D. and Nabirukhina, A., 2013. Characterizing ethical cases: A cross-cultural investigation of individual differences, organisational climate, and leadership on ethical decision-making.Journal of Business Ethics,113(2), pp.317-331. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Trevino, LK, and Nelson, K. A., 2006. Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right, 4 edn, John Wiley Sons, New York. Tricker, B., 2009. Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies and Practices, Oxford University Press, UK.

Ritual Human Sacrifice free essay sample

The use of human sacrifice in different rituals has featured largely in many cultures for thousands of years. To better understand this one must first consider and define what is actually meant by the term ‘ritual’. According to The Oxford English Dictionary, ritual is described as ‘the series of actions used in a religious or other rite’. Renfrew and Bahn (1991, 408-9) indicate that ritual activity can be identified by the observation of four contributing components, such as the focusing of attention on the location, a sacred place; the presence of a possible liminal boundary between ‘this world and the next’; evidence for the worship of a deity and the participation and offerings made by individuals. The term ‘sacrifice’ as defined by The Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology (Darvill, 2003, p371) as the slaughter of an animal or person or the surrendering of possessions to a deity. It goes on to say, Although seen as ceremonial in context, sacrifice may have a functional ends institutionalized in the practice itself, for example the regulation of a population and the creation of an instrument of political terror. We will write a custom essay sample on Ritual Human Sacrifice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ancient Egypt Kings of the first 2 dynasties (3100-2686BC) were not buried alone. Since death was regarded as a mirror image of life in Ancient Egypt their graves needed to contain all that they had needed when alive. This included members of their household, their servants and their slaves. When the tomb of King Wadji (c. 2980BC) (Wilkinson, 1999) was excavated 455 bodies were discovered. Members of the king’s personal household numbered 338 (Shaw, 2000, p68). Also, the bodies of 77 female and 41 important male employees shared the grave of Wadji’s queen, Mernieth. Many of the servants buried with their employers were deliberately killed for the purpose often by poison. Others, not so lucky, were buried alive as attested to by their contorted bodies when they where excavated (Lewis, 2006, p267). Mesopotamia The Sumerians were one of the first cultures to arise in Mesopotamia, in the area between the Tigris and Euphrates on the Persian Gulf now known as the Middle East. In 1920 Leonard Woolley led an archaeological excavation to dig in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. Woolley (1954) recorded that he found tombs of local kings that were not recorded in the Sumerian king-lists, these King-lists are written lists of kings who reigned for long periods of time (. Woolley discovered nearly 2500 graves in this cemetery along with 16 royal tombs (Van De Mieroop, 2004, p41) that consisted of underground chambers often with vaulted roofs with a ramp or pit for entry. Identified by cuneiform inscriptions, these were the tombs of Meskalamdug, Akalamdug, the queen Pu-abi and others, members of the ruling house of Ur around 2500BC (Bahn, 1996, p144). These tombs contained the skeletons of many attendants and soldiers alongside the remains of Oxen and wooden carts. These royal servants and soldiers numbering in their hundreds were willing victims of a religious rite that would take them into the ‘next’ world where they would be able to serve their chosen king or queen. They had willingly so it appears taken poison and laid down their lives for their rulers. Mesoamerican Aztecs The culture that most people automatically associate with ritual human sacrifice is of course that of the Aztecs of Mesoamerica. These Mesoamerican people believed in a creation story where the gods in order to make humankind used their own blood that in turn created a debt of blood owed by mankind to the gods that had to be repaid. The Aztecs, according to Meyers Sherman (1995, p65) were constantly at war with their surrounding tribes purely to capture live prisoners so they could then be sacrificed to appease the God Huitzilopochtli and The Flowery Wars began with a mutual agreement between the Aztecs and the Tlaxcalans to capture live men for future sacrifice. The god Huitzilopochtli was believed to take on the likeness of the sun and it was thought that in order to insure the suns arrival each day, a steady supply of human hearts had to be offered in holy sacrifice (Hogg, 1966, p43). They believed that the sun and earth had already been destroyed four times, and in their time of the 5th sun, final destruction would soon be upon them. In order to delay this happening and appease Huitzilopochtli the practice of human sacrifice became quite a major element in Aztec society (Meyer Sherman, 1995, p67). The actual ritual would take place outside, on the top of a great pyramid. The victim was spread-eagled on a round stone, with his back arched. His limbs would be held firmly by four priests whilst the officiating priest (known as the Nacom) used an obsidian knife to cut under the rib cage and remove the victims still beating heart. The heart was then dedicated to the sun before being cremated with incense in a brazier and the victim’s body was subsequently thrown down the steps of the pyramid to be beheaded, flayed and then the head defleshed and placed on a specially built rack. The man who captured the victim would then take parts of the body to be eaten during a ceremonial feast (Smith, 1996, p222-5). In the 1487 re-consecration of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan some estimate 80,400 prisoners were sacrificed (Harner, 1977, p46-51), Another rather gruesome but very symbolic sacrificial ritual was performed by the Aztecs to a deity called Xipe Totec (translated, Lord of the flayed skin). According to Moctezuma Olguin (2002, p54-5) and Fernandez (1996, p60-63) Xipe Totec was an important symbol of fertility; war and the coming of age of young warriors a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, vegetation, the east, disease, spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths and of the seasons. There were two documented types of ritual sacrifice to Xipe Totec, both ending in the same way but the manner of the victims ritual slaying being different. These were the gladiator sacrifice and the arrow sacrifice. The arrow sacrifice consisted of tying a victim to a wooden frame with his arms and legs spread (the frame represented a corn plant) a priest would then fire arrows at the victim to kill them thus making the victims blood then flow onto the ground represented the cool rains of spring (Meyer Sherman, 1995, p69). In the gladiator ritual, the captive was tied to a large stone, given a sword with a mock blade made of feathers, and forced to fight a fully equipped opponent. After these ceremonies, the victim’s skin was removed so that it could be worn by the Xipe Totec priests (Smith, 1996, p225) who would then wear it for 20 days before removing it to symbolising rebirth and a new season of fertility for the crops and people like a new skin covering the earth. Aztec human sacrifices were performed firstly because the Aztecs felt they owed a debt of blood to the gods. Common Aztec creation myths state hat the gods sacrificed themselves to ensure the continuity of the solar cycle, and they had to be repaid with regular offerings of blood. Secondly Sacrifice also carried out a political function. Rulers and priests used sacrificial rituals as a way of publicly demonstrating and strengthening their connection to the gods. Additionally, sacrifice was a form of â€Å"propaganda by terror† using conscious displays of intimidation aimed at external rulers and common subjects – discouraging any ideas of violence, resistance, or other non-cooperation (Smith, 1996, p226-7). European examples The various groups of tribes that occupied mainland North-Western and Southern Europe from around 600BC to 1000AD were collectively known as Celts. There is very little documentary evidence to go on. In particular, we have no actual sacred texts of the ancient Celts, as their texts were transmitted orally only to initiates and disappeared forever when the last Druid died (MacCullough, 1911), MacCullough describes Celtic belief in reincarnation and a spectral otherworld, he documents the the large number of now-obscure gods and goddesses, including many local deities, describing totemistic and animistic beliefs. In addition, MacCulloch also describes the darker side of Celtic practices, including the famous Burning Man human sacrifices and cannibalism. Macullough writes about the human sacrifices performed at Lugnasad, Lugnasad was a harvest festival, where the victims were ritually sacrificed to guarantee a fertile crop in the forthcoming season and the festival would also commemorate those who had died for this good cause, while it would also appease their ghosts should they be angry at their violent deaths. Triplism’ is one of the commonest Celtic religious symbols (Magilton, p184-5; Green, 1986) describing the three Celtic gods, Esus, Taranis and Teutates. These three gods relate to the ‘triple death’ usually associated with bog bodies. The triple death consisted of, Esus for hanging, Taranis to burning and Teutates to drowning (Green, 1986, p27). The Tollund man was discovered in Denmark in 1950 (Bahn, 1996, p114). The body of this man was found well preserved having been interred in an acidic peat bog some 2000 years previous to its discovery. The man had been hanged and the hemp cable tow was still in place around his neck. The very fact that he was laid in the foetal position suggests that he was specifically placed this way rather than just cast into a pit alluding to a ritual killing rather than an out and out case of murder or judicial execution. Many similar examples of bog bodies have been found all across Europe including Emmer-Erfscheidenveen Man, a bog body recovered in Drenthe, Netherlands in 1938 (Deem, J,. 1998) the remains were dating to around 1200BC. The Gundestrup Cauldron was found in Raeve Bog, Denmark in 1891 Deem (1998) states that the silver cauldron had been deliberately broken then the pieces laid on the surface of the bog where they slowly descended to a depth of almost 2ft with sphagnum moss overgrowing them. When pieced together the solid silver bowl is 2ft in diameter. The scene depicted on the bowl show a scene of human sacrifice with an apparent victim being held upside down over the bowl with their throat cut and bleeding into the bowl. Above this a line of horsemen ride away from the cauldron after their sacrifice to there afterlife. Deem wonders if this is scenes depicting a sacrifice to thank the gods for a victory or they are attempting to divinate the future. Conclusion Ritual human sacrifice appears to have been used in past societies for a number of reasons, with not all the victims being unwilling pawns at the mercy of unscrupulous priests. We have seen demonstrated here that loyal retainers gave their lives willingly to travel to an ‘after’ life and serve there master or mistresses there as they had done in life. This believe in an after life must have been exceptionally strong in the servants and followers of these kings and queens. Fertility rites were recognised and performed in the form of sacrifices from what would appear to be since there has been written records, some of these rites committed on such a large scale that like in the case of the Aztecs they would have had a noticeable effect upon the population numbers and were done in full view of the people with the blessing of the ruling authorities. Some of the human sacrifices were to thank the gods for strength in battle and a victory over an enemy (usually ending with the loser being sacrificed to the winner’s god or gods). Finally, and even though not always intentionally ritual human sacrifice committed by an all powerful priesthood or state would have instilled fear into the general population of a society making it people much more malleable and easier to control.